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electoral strategy

Толкование Перевод

1 electoral strategy

Общая лексика: стратегия выборов

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > electoral strategy
2 electoral strategy

предвыборная тактика; тактика предвыборной борьбы

Politics english-russian dictionary > electoral strategy
3 strategy

n

стратегия; политика; линия поведения

to adopt a strategy — принимать стратегию

to agree (on) a common strategy — согласовывать общую стратегию

to be out the heart of smb's strategy — лежать в основе чьей-л. тактики

to devise a strategy — разрабатывать стратегию

to draw up one's strategy — намечать стратегию / тактику / план действий

to elaborate the strategy — разрабатывать стратегию

to evaluate a strategy — оценивать стратегию

to formulate economic strategy — формулировать экономическую политику

to implement a strategy — осуществлять стратегию / политику

to map out one's strategy — намечать стратегию / тактику / план действий

to monitor a strategy — контролировать стратегию

to plot one's strategy — тайно разрабатывать свою тактику

to re-define one's nuclear strategy — пересматривать свою ядерную стратегию

to set a strategy — принимать стратегию

to work out a global strategy — разрабатывать глобальную стратегию

- aggressive strategy
- alternative strategy
- anti-inflation strategy
- anti-insurgency strategy
- bridge building strategy
- cautious strategy
- common strategy
- correct strategy
- dash-to-the-market strategy
- deterrence strategy
- deterrent strategy
- economic strategy
- effective strategy
- electoral strategy
- flexible response strategy
- flexible strategy
- foreign-policy strategy
- forward strategy
- global strategy
- grass-roots strategy
- implementation of the strategy
- independent strategy
- industrial development strategy
- integrated world strategy
- international development strategy
- international disarmament strategy
- joint strategy
- long-range strategy
- long-term integrated strategy
- long-term strategy
- massive retaliation strategy
- military strategy
- national development strategy
- national food strategy
- national strategy
- negative strategy
- no-city strategy
- nuclear deterrent strategy
- nuclear strategy
- overall economic strategy
- political strategy
- regional strategy
- re-think of military strategy
- revamped strategy
- self-reliant strategy
- shaper of strategy
- socio-economic strategy
- softening in the rebels' strategy
- strategy of annihilation
- strategy proved out
- switch in strategy
- victorious strategy

Politics english-russian dictionary > strategy
4 предвыборная тактика

electoral strategy

Русско-английский политический словарь > предвыборная тактика
5 тактика предвыборной борьбы

electoral strategy

Русско-английский политический словарь > тактика предвыборной борьбы
6 stratégie

stratégie [stʀateʒi]

feminine noun

strategy

* * *
stʀateʒi
nom féminin strategy

* * *
stʀateʒi nf
strategy

* * *

stratégie nf strategy.

[strateʒi] nom féminin

1. JEUX & MILITAIRE strategy

2. (figuré)

sa stratégie électorale her electoral strategy

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > stratégie
7 стратегия выборов

General subject: electoral strategy

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > стратегия выборов
8 inscrire

inscrire [ɛ̃skʀiʀ]

➭ TABLE 39

1. transitive verb

   a. ( = marquer) [+ nom, date] to note down ; [+ but] to score

• inscrire des dépenses au budget to list expenses in the budget

• inscrire une question à l'ordre du jour to put a question on the agenda

   b. ( = enregistrer) [+ étudiant] to register

• inscrire qn sur une liste d'attente to put sb on a waiting list

• inscrire un enfant à l'école to put a child's name down for school

2. reflexive verb

► s'inscrire

   a. [personne] to register (à at)

• s'inscrire à un parti/club to join a party/club

• je me suis inscrit pour des cours du soir I've enrolled for some evening classes

   b. ( = apparaître) un message s'est inscrit sur l'écran a message came up on the screen

   c. ( = s'insérer) cette mesure s'inscrit dans un ensemble the measure is part of a package

   d. s'inscrire en faux contre qch to strongly deny sth

* * *
ɛ̃skʀiʀ
1.

verbe transitif

1) ( enregistrer) [institution, enseignant] to enrol [BrE] [élève]; to register [étudiant]

inscrire quelqu'un sur une liste — to enter somebody's name on a list

inscrire une question à l'ordre du jour — to place an item on the agenda

faites-vous inscrire à la mairie pour le tournoi — put your name down at the Town Hall for the tournament

2) ( écrire) to write down [nom, rendez-vous]

2.

s'inscrire verbe pronominal

1) ( faire enregistrer) École to enrol [BrE]; Université to register

s'inscrire à un parti/club — to join a party/club

s'inscrire à un examen — to enter for an exam

s'inscrire au chômage — to register as unemployed

s'inscrire sur les listes électorales — to get oneself put on the electoral roll

2) ( faire partie de)

s'inscrire dans le cadre de — to be in line with

s'inscrire dans la logique de — to fit into the scheme of

s'inscrire dans une stratégie — to be part of a strategy

3)

s'inscrire en faux contre quelque chose — to dispute the validity of something

* * *
ɛ̃skʀiʀ vt
1) (= écrire) (sur son calepin) to note down, to write down, (sur un mur, une affiche) to write

2) (= inclure) to put down

inscrire qch au budget [dépenses, crédits, travaux, réparations] — to budget for sth

3) SPORT, [but, essai] to score

Il a inscrit son troisième but de la partie. — He scored his third goal of the game.

4) (dans la pierre, le métal) to inscribe

5) (comme membre, élève)

inscrire qn à (club, école) — to enrol sb at

6) MATHÉMATIQUE, [figure géométrique] to inscribe

* * *

inscrire verb table: écrire

A vtr

1 ( enregistrer) [institution, enseignant] to enrol^GB [élève]; to register [étudiant]; je l'ai inscrite à l'école du quartier/à un cours de violon I enrolled her at the local primary school/for violin lessons; inscrire qn sur une liste to enter sb's name on a list; inscrire une question à l'ordre du jour to place an item on the agenda; se faire inscrire à to join; se faire inscrire sur les listes électorales to get oneself put on the electoral roll; faites-vous inscrire à la mairie pour le tournoi put your name down at the Town Hall for the tournament;

2 ( écrire) to write down [nom, rendez-vous].

B s'inscrire vpr

1 ( faire enregistrer) Scol to enrol^GB; Univ to register, to matriculate; s'inscrire à l'université to register at the university; s'inscrire à un parti/club to join a party/club; s'inscrire à un examen to enter for an exam; s'inscrire à un tournoi to enter (one's name) for a tournament; s'inscrire au chômage to register as unemployed; s'inscrire sur les listes électorales to get oneself put on the electoral roll;

2 ( faire partie de) s'inscrire dans le cadre de to be in line with; s'inscrire dans la logique de to fit into the scheme of; s'inscrire dans une stratégie/un plan de restructuration to be part of a strategy/a restructuring programme^GB; s'inscrire dans une volonté de réforme to be part and parcel of a desire for reform; le nouveau bâtiment s'inscrit mal dans l'architecture du quartier the new building does not fit in well with the architecture of the area;

3 s'inscrire en faux contre qch to dispute the validity of sth.

[ɛ̃skrir] verbe transitif

1. [écrire - chiffre, détail] to write ou to note (down)

inscris ton nom au tableau/sur la feuille write your name (up) on the board/(down) on the sheet

[graver] to engrave, to inscribe

je ferai inscrire son nom sur la tombe I'll have his name engraved ou inscribed on the tombstone

son visage reste inscrit dans ma mémoire (figuré) his face remains etched in my memory

2. [enregistrer - étudiant] to register, to enrol ; [ - électeur, membre] to register

(faire) inscrire un enfant à l'école to register ou to enrol a child for school, to put a child's name down for school

les étudiants inscrits à l'examen the students entered for the exam, the students sitting the exam (UK)

les étudiants inscrits en droit the students enrolled on (UK) ou in (US) the law course

se faire inscrire sur les listes électorales to register as a voter, to put one's name on the electoral register

être inscrit au registre du commerce to be on the trade register

être inscrit à un club to be a member of a club

inscrire quelqu'un (pour un rendez-vous) to put somebody ou somebody's name down for an appointment

et la liste des passagers? — il n'y est pas inscrit non plus the passenger list? — he's not listed there ou his name's not on it either

3. [inclure] to list, to include

inscrire quelque chose au budget to budget for something

ces sommes sont inscrites au budget de la culture these amounts are listed in the arts budget

son style l'inscrit dans la tradition italienne her style places ou situates her within the Italian tradition

inscrire un prix littéraire/un disque d'or à son palmarès to add a literary prize/a gold disc to one's list of achievements

inscrire une question à l'ordre du jour to put ou to place a question on the agenda

parmi les sujets inscrits à l'ordre du jour among the subjects on the agenda

4. SPORT [but, essai] to score

5. MATHÉMATIQUES to inscribe

————————

s'inscrire verbe pronominal (emploi réfléchi)

s'inscrire à

a. [club, parti, bibliothèque] to join

b. [université] to register ou to enrol at

c. [concours, rallye] to enter ou to put one's name down for

s'inscrire au chômage to register as unemployed

s'inscrire sur une liste électorale to register to vote

————————

s'inscrire verbe pronominal intransitif

1. [apparaître] to appear, to come up

le numéro de téléphone va s'inscrire sur vos écrans the phone number will come up ou be displayed ou appear on your screens

l'âge s'inscrit sur le visage (figuré) age leaves its mark on our faces

2. DROIT

s'inscrire en faux contre to lodge a challenge against

s'inscrire en faux contre une politique/des allégations (figuré) to strongly denounce a policy/deny allegations

3. BOURSE

s'inscrire en hausse/baisse to be (marked) up/down

les valeurs industrielles s'inscrivent en baisse de 13 points à la clôture industrial shares closed 13 points down

————————

s'inscrire dans verbe pronominal plus préposition

(soutenu) [suj: événement, attitude] to be consistent with, to be in keeping with, to be in line with

[suj: auteur] to belong to, to rank amongst

[suj: œuvre] to take its place in

cette mesure s'inscrit dans le cadre de notre campagne this measure comes ou lies within the framework of our campaign

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > inscrire
9 política

f.

1 politics, political affairs, political playground.

2 politics.

3 policy, program.

4 tact.

5 politeness.

* * *

política

► nombre femenino

1 politics

2 (dirección) policy

* * *
1. f., (m. - político) 2. f., (m. - político) 3. noun f.
1) policy

2) politics

* * *

SF

1) (Pol) politics sing

meterse en (la) política — to get involved in politics

la política en la posguerra — postwar politics

política de pasillo(s) — lobbying

2) (=programa) policy

política agraria — agricultural policy

política de cañonera — gunboat diplomacy

política de ingresos y precios, política de jornales y precios — prices and incomes policy

política de mano dura — strong-arm policy, tough policy

política de silla vacía — empty-chair policy, refusal to take one's seat (in parliament)

política de tierra quemada — scorched earth policy

política económica — economic policy

política exterior — foreign policy

política interior — [de país] domestic policy; [de organización] internal politics

política presupuestaria — budget policy

política salarial — incomes policy

3) (=tacto) tact, skill; (=cortesía) politeness, courtesy; (=educación) good manners pl

* * *

femenino

1) (Pol) politics

meterse en política — ( como profesión) to go into politics; ( como militante) to get involved in politics

2) ( postura) policy

política interior/exterior — domestic/foreign policy

nuestra política educativa/salarial — our education/wage policy

* * *

= politics, rationale, elected politics.

Ex. The social sciences class, 300, subsumes Economics, Politics, Law and Education.

Ex. CD-ROM publishers are pricing either low or high and seemingly do not know what rationale to use for pricing.

Ex. Coming clean to voters is something she's gonna have to get used to if she is really serious about getting her feet wet in elected politics.

----

* adoptar una política = make + policy decisions.

* atenerse a una política = uphold + policy.

* cambiar de política a mitad de camino = change + horses in midstream.

* confección de políticas = policy making [policy-making/policymaking].

* cumplir una política = uphold + policy.

* decisión sobre qué política de actuación seguir = policy decision.

* dedicarse a la política = politick.

* de elaboración de políticas = policy-forming.

* determinación de políticas = policy making [policy-making/policymaking].

* diseñar una política = draft + policy.

* elaboración de políticas = policy making [policy-making/policymaking], policy formation, policy formulation.

* establecer una política = institute + policy.

* falsa política de integración de minorías = tokenism.

* fijación de políticas = policy making [policy-making/policymaking].

* formular una política = frame + policy.

* hacer cumplir una política = uphold + policy.

* inmerso en la política = steeped in politics.

* integración de la perspectiva de género en el conjunto de las políticas = gender mainstreaming.

* participante en la política = politically active.

* personalidad en el ámbito de la política = political personality.

* política administrativa = administrative policy.

* Política Agrícola Comunitaria (CAP) = Common Agricultural Policy (CAP).

* política a largo plazo = long term policy.

* política bibliotecaria = library provision, library policy.

* política bibliotecaria nacional = national library policy.

* política científica = research policy, science policy, scientific policy.

* política cultural = cultural policy.

* política de actuación = policy.

* política de adquisiciones = acquisition policy [acquisitions policy], collection development [collections development], selection policy, collection policy.

* política de ayuda = assistance policy.

* política de clases = class politics.

* política de coaliciones = coalition politics.

* política de competencias = competition policy.

* política de compras = purchasing policy.

* política de conservación = preservation policy, conservation policy.

* política de desarrollo de la colección = collection development policy.

* política de expurgo = weeding policy.

* política de fijación de precios = pricing policy.

* política de financiación = financing policy, funding policy.

* política de información = information provision, information strategy, information policy.

* política de información nacional = national information policy.

* política de inmigración = immigration policy.

* política de la biblioteca = library's policy.

* política del poder = power politics.

* política de multas = fine policy.

* política de personal = personnel policy, staff policy.

* política de precios = pricing model, pricing policy.

* política de preservación = preservation policy.

* política de privacidad = privacy policy.

* política de retenciones = retention policy.

* política de sanciones = fine policy.

* política de trabajo = policy.

* política de usuarios = user policy.

* política económica = political economy.

* política editorial = editorial policy.

* política educativa = educational policy.

* política electoral = election politics.

* política exterior = foreign policy.

* política fiscal = fiscal policy.

* política interna = policy, internal politics.

* política internacional = international politics.

* política laboral = labour policy.

* política monetaria = monetary policy.

* política nacional = national politics.

* política pública = public policy.

* política sancionadora = fine policy.

* política social = social policy.

* redactar una política = formulate + policy.

* responsables de la política científica = science policy makers.

* * *

femenino

1) (Pol) politics

meterse en política — ( como profesión) to go into politics; ( como militante) to get involved in politics

2) ( postura) policy

política interior/exterior — domestic/foreign policy

nuestra política educativa/salarial — our education/wage policy

* * *

= politics, rationale, elected politics.

Ex: The social sciences class, 300, subsumes Economics, Politics, Law and Education.

Ex: CD-ROM publishers are pricing either low or high and seemingly do not know what rationale to use for pricing.

Ex: Coming clean to voters is something she's gonna have to get used to if she is really serious about getting her feet wet in elected politics.

* adoptar una política = make + policy decisions.

* atenerse a una política = uphold + policy.

* cambiar de política a mitad de camino = change + horses in midstream.

* confección de políticas = policy making [policy-making/policymaking].

* cumplir una política = uphold + policy.

* decisión sobre qué política de actuación seguir = policy decision.

* dedicarse a la política = politick.

* de elaboración de políticas = policy-forming.

* determinación de políticas = policy making [policy-making/policymaking].

* diseñar una política = draft + policy.

* elaboración de políticas = policy making [policy-making/policymaking], policy formation, policy formulation.

* establecer una política = institute + policy.

* falsa política de integración de minorías = tokenism.

* fijación de políticas = policy making [policy-making/policymaking].

* formular una política = frame + policy.

* hacer cumplir una política = uphold + policy.

* inmerso en la política = steeped in politics.

* integración de la perspectiva de género en el conjunto de las políticas = gender mainstreaming.

* participante en la política = politically active.

* personalidad en el ámbito de la política = political personality.

* política administrativa = administrative policy.

* Política Agrícola Comunitaria (CAP) = Common Agricultural Policy (CAP).

* política a largo plazo = long term policy.

* política bibliotecaria = library provision, library policy.

* política bibliotecaria nacional = national library policy.

* política científica = research policy, science policy, scientific policy.

* política cultural = cultural policy.

* política de actuación = policy.

* política de adquisiciones = acquisition policy [acquisitions policy], collection development [collections development], selection policy, collection policy.

* política de ayuda = assistance policy.

* política de clases = class politics.

* política de coaliciones = coalition politics.

* política de competencias = competition policy.

* política de compras = purchasing policy.

* política de conservación = preservation policy, conservation policy.

* política de desarrollo de la colección = collection development policy.

* política de expurgo = weeding policy.

* política de fijación de precios = pricing policy.

* política de financiación = financing policy, funding policy.

* política de información = information provision, information strategy, information policy.

* política de información nacional = national information policy.

* política de inmigración = immigration policy.

* política de la biblioteca = library's policy.

* política del poder = power politics.

* política de multas = fine policy.

* política de personal = personnel policy, staff policy.

* política de precios = pricing model, pricing policy.

* política de preservación = preservation policy.

* política de privacidad = privacy policy.

* política de retenciones = retention policy.

* política de sanciones = fine policy.

* política de trabajo = policy.

* política de usuarios = user policy.

* política económica = political economy.

* política editorial = editorial policy.

* política educativa = educational policy.

* política electoral = election politics.

* política exterior = foreign policy.

* política fiscal = fiscal policy.

* política interna = policy, internal politics.

* política internacional = international politics.

* política laboral = labour policy.

* política monetaria = monetary policy.

* política nacional = national politics.

* política pública = public policy.

* política sancionadora = fine policy.

* política social = social policy.

* redactar una política = formulate + policy.

* responsables de la política científica = science policy makers.

* * *

política

feminine

A ( Pol) politics

se dedicó a la política he went into politics

siempre están hablando de política they are always talking about politics

meterse en política (como profesión) to go into politics; (como militante) to get involved in politics

B (postura) policy

la política económica del gobierno the government's economic policy

política interior/exterior domestic/foreign policy

política gubernamental government policy

política salarial wage policy

nuestra política educativa our education policy, our policy on education

una política de negociación a policy of negotiation

Compuesto:

Política Europea de Seguridad y Defensa

(UE) Common European Security and Defence Policy

* * *

política sustantivo femenino
1 (Pol) politics
2 ( postura) policy;
◊ política interior/exterior domestic/foreign policy

político,-a
I adjetivo
1 political
2 (parentesco) in-law: se lleva mal con su familia política, he doesn't get on with his in-laws
II sustantivo masculino y femenino politician
política sustantivo femenino
1 politics sing
2 (forma de actuar) policy
Recuerda la diferencia entre politics, política (en general), y policy, política (un plan o una serie de medidas): la política agrícola, the agricultural policy. Aunque politics lleva una s final, es un sustantivo singular: Politics is very interesting. La política es muy interesante. El hombre o la mujer que se dedica a la política (un político) se llama politician.
' política' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
acabar
- agraria
- agrario
- álgida
- álgido
- angular
- batalla
- comulgar
- comunitaria
- comunitario
- desunir
- distensión
- esfera
- expansionista
- exterior
- granjear
- imponerse
- introducir
- izquierda
- izquierdo
- octavilla
- orientarse
- persecución
- político
- propaganda
- reivindicación
- rumbo
- singladura
- viñeta
- alejado
- arena
- bloque
- concreto
- desvincularse
- discutir
- eje
- energético
- entendido
- errado
- familia
- favorecer
- filiación
- hermano
- hijo
- interesar
- interior
- internacional
- intervención
- madre
- orientar
English:
active
- affair
- anathema
- arena
- assessment
- border
- bow out
- circle
- clash
- daughter-in-law
- employment
- figure
- fiscal
- foreign policy
- get into
- go into
- hands-off
- high
- home
- in-laws
- instability
- liberal
- line
- lobby
- mainstream
- policy
- political
- politician
- politics
- reshape
- reversal
- ruin
- shadow cabinet
- switch
- wing
- affiliation
- come
- dabble
- government
- heavyweight
- housing
- main
- unaware

* * *

política nf

1. [arte de gobernar] politics [singular];

lleva treinta años dedicado a la política he has been in politics for the last thirty years;

hablar de política to discuss politics, to talk (about) politics

2. [modo de gobernar, táctica] policy

Comp
UE Política Agrícola Común Common Agricultural Policy;
la política del avestruz burying one's head in the sand;

sigue con su política del avestruz he still prefers to bury his head in the sand;

política comercial trade policy;

política de empresa company policy;

política exterior foreign policy;

política fiscal fiscal policy;

política monetaria monetary policy;
UE Política Pesquera Común Common Fisheries Policy;
política de tierra quemada scorched earth policy

* * *

política

f

1politics sg

2 orientación policy;

política ambiental environmental policy

político

I adj political

II m, política f politician

* * *

política nf

1) : politics

2) : policy

* * *

política n

1. (en general) politics

¿te interesa la política? are you interested in politics?

2. (estrategia) policy [pl. policies]

la política económica the economic policy

Spanish-English dictionary > política
10 programma

m (pl -i) programme, AE program

information technology program

programma applicativo application

programma di scrittura word processor

programma televisivo television program(me)

fuori programma unscheduled

avere in programma qualcosa have something planned

* * *

programma s.m.

1 ( piano, progetto) plan, programme; (amer.) program; schedule; scheme: programma di lavoro, work programme; programma di ricerca, research programme; (pol.) programma elettorale, electoral programme (o election platform); (amm.) programma di pensionamento, pension scheme; programma di addestramento, training programme; programma di produzione, production schedule; programma di spesa, disbursement plan; programma di vendite, sales programme; programma di sviluppo, development programme; programma operativo, operating programme (o strategy); che programma hai per domani?, what are your plans for tomorrow?; secondo il programma dovremmo essere già a Roma, according to the programme we should already be in Rome; mettere in programma, to schedule; faremo una fermata fuori programma, we'll make an unscheduled stop // non ho in programma di partire domani, I don't plan to leave tomorrow

2 ( a scuola) syllabus, programme: riusciremo a finire il programma di storia, we will succeed in completing the history syllabus; il programma di latino è molto difficile, the Latin syllabus is very hard; svolgere un programma, to carry out a programme

3 ( di spettacolo, manifestazione) programme, schedule: il programma della mostra cinematografica è molto interessante, the film festival programme is very interesting; il programma delle corse, race-card // i programmi della sera, the evening's programmes // fuori programma, unscheduled: un cartone animato fuori programma, an unscheduled cartoon

4 (inform.) program; routine: programma applicativo, application routine (o problem program); programma ad alta priorità, foreground program; programma automatico, automatic routine; programma compilatore, programma traduttore, processor; programma di assemblaggio, assembler; programma di chiamata del compilatore, programma guida, prompter; programma di canale, channel program; programma di comando, programma gestione, software driver; programma di diagnosi, diagnostic program; programma di messa a punto, debugging package; programma di redazione, report writer; programma di scrittura, writer; programma di traduzione, compiler; programma di utilità, utility program (o facility); programma di valutazione prestazioni, benchmark program; programma elaborativo, processing program; programma in binario, binary; programma in corso di esecuzione, program in operation; programma non prioritario, secondario, background program; programma per la gestione, manager; programma supervisore, supervisor; programma tabulatore, electronic spreadsheet; programmi ( applicativi), application software; programmi di gestione commerciale, (IBM) business application; programmi pronti per l'uso, package.

* * *
[pro'gramma]
sostantivo maschile

1) telev. cinem. programme BE, program AE

- i educativi — AE educational television

il film è in programma al Lux — the film is on at the Lux

2) teatr. (cartellone) programme

che cosa c'è in programma? — what's on?

3) (piano) plan, schedule

fare -i — to make plans

avere in programma di fare — to plan on doing

che cosa c'è in programma per oggi? — what's on the programme for today?

hai dei -i per stasera? — have you got anything arranged o on for this evening?

programma di lavoro — work schedule

un programma pieno di impegni — a full o crowded schedule

sostenere un programma politico — to support a political platform

4) scol. univ. syllabus, curriculum*

un programma di studi — a course of study

il programma di storia — the history syllabus

il programma del primo anno — the first-year syllabus

in programma — on the syllabus

5) inform. (computer) program

•

programma applicativo — inform. application program

programma elettorale — election manifesto, electoral programme, platform

programma d'esame — coursework

programma di lavaggio — washing cycle

* * *

programma

/pro'gramma/

sostantivo m.

1 telev. cinem. programme BE, program AE; - i educativi AE educational television; il film è in programma al Lux the film is on at the Lux

2 teatr. (cartellone) programme; che cosa c'è in programma? what's on?

3 (piano) plan, schedule; fare -i to make plans; avere in programma di fare to plan on doing; che cosa c'è in programma per oggi? what's on the programme for today? hai dei -i per stasera? have you got anything arranged o on for this evening? programma di lavoro work schedule; un programma pieno di impegni a full o crowded schedule; sostenere un programma politico to support a political platform

4 scol. univ. syllabus, curriculum*; un programma di studi a course of study; il programma di storia the history syllabus; il programma del primo anno the first-year syllabus; in programma on the syllabus

5 inform. (computer) program

COMPOUNDS

programma applicativo inform. application program; programma elettorale election manifesto, electoral programme, platform; programma d'esame coursework; programma di lavaggio washing cycle.

Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > programma
11 participación

f.

1 participation, a piece of the action, involvement.

2 participation, assistance.

3 participation, participance, share, take.

* * *

participación

► nombre femenino

1 (intervención) participation, involvement

2 (comunicado) announcement

■ ¿te han mandado la participación de boda? have they notified you of their wedding?

3 FINANZAS (acción) share

4 (en lotería) (part of a) lottery ticket

* * *

noun f.

1) participation

2) share

* * *

SF

1) (=acto)

negó su participación en el atentado — he denied taking part o any involvement in the attack

queremos fomentar la participación de los ciudadanos en la política — we want to encourage public participation o involvement in politics

habló de ello durante su participación en el programa — he spoke about it when he was on the programme

participación electoral — turnout

2) (Econ) (=parte) share; (=inversión) holding, interest

la participación de la empresa Ceresa en Rodex — Ceresa's holding in Rodex

participación accionarial — holding, shareholding

participación en el mercado — market share

participación en los beneficios — profit-sharing

participación minoritaria — minority interest

3) (=número de participantes) entry

hubo una nutrida participación — there was a big entry, there were a lot of entries

4) (=parte) share; [de lotería] (share in a) lottery ticket

See:

ver nota culturelle LOTERÍA in lotería

5) (=aviso) notice, notification

dar participación de algo — to give notice of sth

participación de boda — notice of a forthcoming wedding

* * *

femenino

1) ( intervención) participation

la participación del público — audience participation

con la participación especial de Emilio Dávila — with a special guest appearance by Emilio Dávila

participación EN algo —; en debate/clase/huelga) participation in something; en robo/fraude involvement in something; en obra/pelicula role in something

tuvo una destacada participación en las negociaciones — she played an important role in the negotiations

el índice de participación en las elecciones — the turnout for the elections

2)

a) ( en ganancias) share

aumentaron su participación en el mercado — they increased their market share

b) ( en empresa) stockholding, interest

c) ( de lotería) share ( in a lottery ticket)

3) (de casamiento, nacimiento) announcement

* * *

= commitment, involvement, participation, empowerment, input, say, engagement, partaking (of/in).

Ex. Bureaux can be useful for proving trials, and the deferment of commitments until a suitable size of data base has been accumulated in the computer system.

Ex. This software is normally self-contained and can be set up with a minimum of involvement of computer specialist staff.

Ex. Apart from participation in a co-operative cataloguing scheme, libraries have one other possible strategy in the creation of catalogues.

Ex. The women's movement and those concerned with women and development have long recognized that information is a means of empowerment for women.

Ex. In order to stimulate international input, the IFLA Office for UBC invited catalogers in unrepresented countries to recommend revisions of the AACR and to comment on the potential of the second edition as an international code.

Ex. I've seen people clamor for a say and when it's given to them they don't take it.

Ex. Any attempt to coerce a response without good reason based on that child's present predicament is to place in jeopardy the child's willing engagement now and in the future.

Ex. A longitudinal study of older adult learners has found that the act of partaking of education was often an empowering gesture.

----

* participación ciudadana = civic involvement, citizen participation, community involvement.

* participación en red = networking.

* recabar + participación = solicit + contribution.

* tasa de participación = participation rate.

* * *

femenino

1) ( intervención) participation

la participación del público — audience participation

con la participación especial de Emilio Dávila — with a special guest appearance by Emilio Dávila

participación EN algo —; en debate/clase/huelga) participation in something; en robo/fraude involvement in something; en obra/pelicula role in something

tuvo una destacada participación en las negociaciones — she played an important role in the negotiations

el índice de participación en las elecciones — the turnout for the elections

2)

a) ( en ganancias) share

aumentaron su participación en el mercado — they increased their market share

b) ( en empresa) stockholding, interest

c) ( de lotería) share ( in a lottery ticket)

3) (de casamiento, nacimiento) announcement

* * *

= commitment, involvement, participation, empowerment, input, say, engagement, partaking (of/in).

Ex: Bureaux can be useful for proving trials, and the deferment of commitments until a suitable size of data base has been accumulated in the computer system.

Ex: This software is normally self-contained and can be set up with a minimum of involvement of computer specialist staff.

Ex: Apart from participation in a co-operative cataloguing scheme, libraries have one other possible strategy in the creation of catalogues.

Ex: The women's movement and those concerned with women and development have long recognized that information is a means of empowerment for women.

Ex: In order to stimulate international input, the IFLA Office for UBC invited catalogers in unrepresented countries to recommend revisions of the AACR and to comment on the potential of the second edition as an international code.

Ex: I've seen people clamor for a say and when it's given to them they don't take it.

Ex: Any attempt to coerce a response without good reason based on that child's present predicament is to place in jeopardy the child's willing engagement now and in the future.

Ex: A longitudinal study of older adult learners has found that the act of partaking of education was often an empowering gesture.

* participación ciudadana = civic involvement, citizen participation, community involvement.

* participación en red = networking.

* recabar + participación = solicit + contribution.

* tasa de participación = participation rate.

* * *

participación

feminine

A (intervención) participation

la participación del público audience participation

con la participación especial de Emilio Dávila with a special guest appearance by Emilio Dávila

participación EN algo:

su participación en el proyecto her participation in the project

tuvo una destacada participación en las negociaciones she played an important role in the negotiations

confirmó su participación en el campeonato he confirmed that he would be taking part in o participating in the championship

el índice de participación en las elecciones the turnout for the elections

su participación en el fraude no se pudo probar his part in the fraud could not be proved, it could not be proved that he had taken part in o participated in the fraud

B

1 (en ganancias, en un fondo) share

exigen participación en los beneficios they are demanding a share in the profits

aumentaron su participación en el mercado they increased their market share

2 (en una empresa) stockholding, interest, shareholding ( BrE)

3 (de lotería) share ( in a lottery ticket)

C (de casamiento, nacimiento) announcement

* * *

participación sustantivo femenino
1 ( intervención) participation;
◊ la participación del público audience participation;

participación EN algo ‹en debate/clase/huelga›) participation in sth;

‹en robo/fraude› involvement in sth;
‹en obra/película› role in sth
2
a) ( en ganancias) share

b) ( en empresa) stockholding, interest

c) ( de lotería) share ( in a lottery ticket)

participación sustantivo femenino
1 participation
2 (de un décimo de lotería) part of a lottery ticket
3 Fin share, US stock
4 (comunicación formal) notice, notification
' participación' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
actuación
- contribución
- implicación
- parte
English:
acquire
- equity
- holding
- interest
- involvement
- participation
- profit sharing
- quota
- share
- stake
- voluntary
- draw
- involve

* * *

participación nf

1. [colaboración, intervención] participation;

hubo mucha participación [en actividad] many people took part;
[en elecciones] there was a high turnout;
anunció su participación en el torneo he announced that he would be taking part o participating in the tournament;

han negado su participación en el atentado they have denied taking part in the attack;

la participación cubana en los Juegos Olímpicos fue la mejor de las últimas décadas Cuba's performance in the Olympic Games was the best in recent decades

2. [de lotería] = ticket or receipt representing a share in a lottery number

3. [comunicación] notice

Comp
participación de boda wedding invitation
4. Econ [acción] share, interest;
[inversión] investment;
quieren una participación en los beneficios they want a share in the profits

Comp
participación mayoritaria majority interest;
participación minoritaria minority interest

* * *

participación

f participation

* * *

participación nf, pl - ciones

1) : participation

2) : share, interest

3) : announcement, notice

* * *

participación n (intervención) participation

Spanish-English dictionary > participación
12 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
13 gain

gain

A n

1 ( increase) augmentation f ; gain in weight/value augmentation de poids/de valeur ; gain in time gain m de temps ; gains in productivity gains mpl de productivité ;

2 ( profit) profit m, gain m ; material/financial gain gain m matériel/financier ; to do sth for material gain faire qch pour l'argent ;

3 (advantage, improvement) gen gain m ; (in status, knowledge) acquis m ; electoral/diplomatic gains gains électoraux/diplomatiques ; the gains of women's liberation les acquis de la libération féminine ; to make gains [political party] se renforcer ; it's her loss but our gain elle y perd mais nous y gagnons.

B gains npl Comm, Fin ( profits) gains mpl, profits mpl ; ( winnings) gains mpl ; ( on stock market) gains mpl, hausses fpl ; losses and gains pertes fpl et profits ; to make gains [currency, shares] être en hausse.

C vtr

1 ( acquire) acquérir [experience] (from de) ; obtenir [information] (from grâce à) ; gagner [respect, support, approval] ; conquérir [freedom] ; to gain popularity gagner en popularité ; to gain time gagner du temps ; to gain sth by doing gagner qch en faisant ; to gain credibility by doing gagner en crédibilité en faisant ; the advantages to be gained from adopting this strategy les avantages qu'on peut obtenir en adoptant cette stratégie ; we have nothing to gain from this investment nous n'avons rien à gagner dans cet investissement ; to gain the impression that avoir l'impression que ; to gain control of sth prendre le contrôle de qch ; to gain possession of sth s'assurer la possession de qch ; to gain ground gagner du terrain (on sur) ;

2 ( increase) (in speed, height, etc) to gain speed/momentum [driver, vehicle, plane] prendre de la vitesse/de l'élan ; to gain weight prendre du poids ; to gain 4 kilos prendre 4 kilos ; to gain 3 minutes (watch, clock, competitor) prendre 3 minutes d'avance ; my watch has started to gain time ma montre s'est mise à avancer ;

3 ( win) to gain points gagner des points ; the Republicans gained four seats les Républicains ont gagné quatre sièges ; they gained four seats from the Democrats ils ont pris quatre sièges aux Démocrates ; to gain a comfortable victory remporter une victoire confortable ; to gain the upper hand prendre le dessus ; we have everything to gain and nothing to lose nous avons tout à gagner et rien à perdre ;

4 ( reach) gagner, atteindre [place].

D vi

1 ( improve) to gain in prestige/popularity gagner en prestige/en popularité ; to gain in confidence prendre de l'assurance ;

2 ( profit) she's not gained by it cela ne lui a rien rapporté ; do you think we'll gain by adopting this strategy? pensez-vous que nous y gagnerons en adoptant cette stratégie?

Phrasal verb

■ gain on:

▶ gain on [sb/sth] rattraper [person, vehicle] ; the opposition are gaining on the government l'opposition l'emporte sur le gouvernement ; the sea is gaining on the land la mer gagne sur la terre.

Big English-French dictionary > gain
14 campaign

1. сущ.
1) воен. поход, операция, (военная) кампания (крупномасштабная, заранее спланированная военная операция в некотором географическом районе, ограниченная по сроку)

the 1812 campaign — кампания 1812 года (вторжение Наполеона в Российскую Империю)

2) пол. (общественная) кампания (комплекс последовательных общественных мероприятий по достижению определенной цели)

campaign for tobacco-free kids — кампания за искоренение табакозависимости у детей

environmental campaign — кампания по защите окружающей среды

The government has lounched a campaign against drunken drivers. — Правительство начало кампанию по борьбе c проблемой вождения в нетрезвом виде.

See:

election campaign, political campaign, advocacy campaign

3) марк. маркетинговая [рекламная\] кампания (комплекс мероприятий по продвижению определенного товара на определенном рынке)

campaign evaluation — оценка результатов кампании

campaign overview — общий обзор кампании

campaign period — период проведения кампании

campaign plan — план кампании

campaign planning — планирование кампании

campaign strategy — стратегия проведения [ведения\] кампании

Toyota campaign — рекламная кампания марки "Тойота"

to develop a( n) (advertising) campaign — разрабатывать рекламную кампанию

to carry on [conduct, wage\] a campaign — проводить кампанию

to launch [mount, organize\] a campaign — запускать [организовывать\] кампанию

to inflate campaign — раздувать кампанию

Syn:

advertising campaign, marketing campaign, sales campaign, promotion campaign

See:

campaign build-up, advocacy campaign, brand-image campaign, blitz campaign, campaign identity, campaign theme, multimedia campaign, collective campaign, communications campaign, direct mail campaign, hard-sell campaign, soft-sell campaign, imaginative campaign, institutional campaign, launch campaign, low-key campaign, massive campaign, major campaign, test campaign, point-of-purchase campaign, premium campaign, sampling campaign, teaser campaign, tie-in campaign, campaign profile

4) пол. политическая кампания, предвыборная кампания ( партии или конкретного кандидата)

election [electoral, electorial\] campaign — предвыборная (избирательная) кампания

campaign for the president — президентская выборная кампания; кампания по избранию на пост президента

slander [smear\] campaign — кампания по очернению (конкурента)

See:

campaign trail, campaign committee, canvass 2), a

5) с.-х. страда, кампания, рабочий сезон

beet campaign — сезон сбора сахарной свеклы

6) тех. срок службы ( агрегата)
2. гл.
марк., пол. проводить кампанию (рекламную, военную, общественную, политическую и т. п.)

They are campaigning for the abolition of the death penalty [against the death penalty\]. — Они проводят кампанию за отмену смертной казни [против смертной казни\].

She is campaigning on the issue of more money for the school system. — Она проводит кампанию за выделение больших средств на систему школьного образования.

* * *

кампания спекулятивная
. . Словарь экономических терминов .
* * *

Реклама

кампания

комплекс рекламных и сопутствующих мероприятий в пользу товара или услуги, направленных на выполнение поставленной задачи

Англо-русский экономический словарь > campaign
15 exit

'eɡzit
1. noun
1) (a way out of a building etc: the emergency exit.) salida

2) (an actor's departure from the stage: Macbeth's exit.) salida

3) (an act of going out or departing: She made a noisy exit.) salida

2. verb
((used as a stage direction to one person) (he/she) goes off the stage: Exit Hamlet.) salir de escena

exit¹ n salida

the emergency exit la salida de emergencia

exit² vb salir

do you want to exit this application? ¿quieres salir de esta aplicación?

exit

tr['eksɪt]

noun

1 (gen) salida

2 SMALLTHEATRE/SMALL mutis nombre masculino

intransitive verb

1 SMALLTHEATRE/SMALL hacer mutis, salir de escena

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

exit sign indicador nombre masculino de salida

exit ['ɛgzət, 'ɛksət] vi

: salir, hacer mutis (en el teatro)

exit vt

: salir de

exit n

1) departure: salida f, partida f

2) egress: salida f

emergency exit: salida de emergencia

exit

n.

• mutis s.m.

• salida s.f.

v.

• salir v.

I 'egzət, 'eksɪt
noun (from building, aircraft, freeway) salida f

to make one's exit — salir*, irse*, retirarse; (before n) <visa, permit> de salida

II

intransitive verb salir*

['eksɪt]
1.

N (=place, act) salida f ; (esp Theat) mutis m inv

no exit — prohibida la salida

to make one's exit — salir, marcharse

2.

VI (Theat) hacer mutis; (Comput) salir

exit Hamlet — vase Hamlet

3.

VT (Comput) salir de

if we have to exit the plane — (US) si tenemos que abandonar el avión, si tenemos que salir del avión

4.

CPD

exit interview N — entrevista f de salida

exit permit N — permiso m de salida

exit poll N — (Pol) encuesta de votantes a la salida del colegio electoral

exit ramp N — (US) vía f de acceso

exit route N — (lit, fig) salida f

exit sign N — (in building) señal m de salida

exit strategy N — estrategia f de salida

exit visa N — visa f or visado m de salida

exit wound N — orificio f de salida

* * *

I ['egzət, 'eksɪt]
noun (from building, aircraft, freeway) salida f

to make one's exit — salir*, irse*, retirarse; (before n) <visa, permit> de salida

II

intransitive verb salir*

English-spanish dictionary > exit
16 jeu

jeu (plural jeux) [ʒø]

1. masculine noun

   a. (avec règles) game

• jeu d'adresse game of skill

• jeu de cartes card game

• jeu d'échecs chess set

• jeu de boules bowls set

• jeu de 52 cartes pack (Brit) or deck (US) of 52 cards

• jeu à 13 rugby league

• jeu à 15 rugby union

• ce n'est pas du jeu (inf) that's not fair

• le jeu n'en vaut pas la chandelle(PROV) the game is not worth the candle

• jeu, set, et match game, set and match

• faire jeu égal avec qn to be evenly matched

• j'ai compris son petit jeu ! I know his little game!

• à quel jeu joues-tu ? what are you playing at?

• entrer dans le jeu de qn to play along with sb

• faire le jeu de qn to play into sb's hands

• il s'est piqué au jeu he got hooked (inf)

   b. ( = fait de jouer) le jeu play

• c'est un jeu d'enfant it's child's play

• par jeu for fun

   c. (Casino) gambling

• il a perdu toute sa fortune au jeu he has gambled away his entire fortune

• faites vos jeux place your bets

• les jeux sont faits (figurative) the die is cast

   d. ( = cartes) hand

• je n'ai jamais de jeu I never have a good hand

• il a beau jeu de protester maintenant it's easy for him to complain now

   e. ( = façon de jouer) [d'acteur] acting ; [de sportif] game ; [de musicien] technique

   f. ( = fonctionnement) working

• le jeu des pistons the action of the pistons

• le jeu des alliances the interplay of alliances

   g. ( = espace) play

• donner du jeu à qch to loosen sth up a bit

• la vis a du jeu the screw has worked loose

• la porte ne ferme pas bien, il y a du jeu the door isn't a tight fit

   h. [de clés, aiguilles] set

   i. ► en jeu (Sport) in play

• mettre en jeu [+ balle] to throw in ; (en action) to bring into play

• mise en jeu (Tennis) serve ; (Hockey) bully-off ; (sur glace) face-off

• remettre en jeu [+ balle] to throw in

• les forces en jeu the forces at work

• entrer en jeu to come into play

• mettre en jeu to bring into play

• être en jeu ( = en cause) to be at stake

• les intérêts en jeu sont considérables there are considerable interests at stake

2. compounds

► jeu d'arcade video game

► jeu d'argent game played for money

► jeu pour console console game

► jeu de construction building set

► jeu décisif (Tennis) tie-break

► jeux d'eau fountains

► jeu électronique electronic game

► jeu de hasard game of chance

► jeu de jambes footwork

► jeux de lumière (artificiels) lighting effects ; (naturels) play of light uncount

► jeu de massacre (à la foire) Aunt Sally ; (figurative) wholesale massacre

► jeu de mots play on words

• sans jeu de mots ! no pun intended! ► jeu de l'oie ≈ snakes and ladders

► Jeux olympiques Olympic Games

• les Jeux olympiques d'hiver the Winter Olympics

• les Jeux olympiques handisports the Paralympics ► jeu de patience puzzle

► jeu de piste treasure hunt

► jeu radiophonique radio game

► jeu en réseau (Computing) multiplayer (online) game

► jeu de rôles role play

► jeu de société parlour game ; (avec dés, pions) board game

► jeu télévisé television game ; (avec questions) quiz show

► jeu vidéo video game

* * *

pl jeux ʒø nom masculin

1) Jeux, Sport ( activité)

le jeu — gén play [U]; ( avec de l'argent) gambling [U]; ( type)

un jeu — a game

on va faire un jeu — let's play a game

jouer (un) double jeu — fig to be guilty of double dealing

à quel jeu joue-t-il? — fig what's his game?

il fait ça par jeu — he does it for fun

ton avenir est en jeu — your future is at stake

entrer en jeu — fig to come into the picture

d'entrée de jeu — right from the start

se prendre or se piquer au jeu — to get hooked

mettre en jeu — to bring [something] into play [éléments]; to stake [somme, titre, honneur]

remise en jeu — (au football, après une touche) throw; (au hockey, après un but) face-off

être hors jeu — ( au football) to be offside

ils ont beau jeu de me critiquer — it's easy for them to criticize me

2) Jeux, Sport ( manche) game

il a gagné (par) trois jeux à deux — he won by three games to two

3) Jeux ( main aux cartes) hand

cacher bien son jeu — fig to keep it quiet

4) Commerce, Jeux ( matériel) (d'échecs, de dames) set; ( de cartes) deck; ( de société) game

5) ( manière de jouer) ( d'acteur) acting [U]; ( de musicien) playing [U]; (de footballeur, joueur de tennis) game

6) ( série) set

jeu de clés — set of keys

7) ( effet) (de reflets, vagues, d'ombres) play; (de forces, d'alliances) interplay

8) Technologie ( possibilité de mouvement) play

donner du jeu à — to loosen

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- jeu d'adresse

- jeu d'argent

- jeu de caractères

- jeu de construction

- jeu d'éveil

- jeu de hasard

- jeu de jambes

- jeu de massacre

- jeu de mots

- jeu de l'oie

- jeu radiophonique

- jeu de rôles

- jeu de société

- jeu télévisé

- jeu vidéo

- jeux Olympiques

••

jouer le jeu — to play the game

jouer le grand jeu — to pull all the stops out (colloq)

c'est pas de or du jeu! — (colloq) that's not fair!

* * *
ʒø
jeux pl nm

1) (= divertissement) play

Le jeu est une activité essentielle pour les enfants. — Play is an essential activity for children.

C'est un jeu d'enfant! fig — It's child's play!

par jeu — for fun

2) (défini par des règles) game

un nouveau jeu — a new game

les règles du jeu — the rules of the game

entrer dans le jeu de qn fig — to play sb's game

se piquer au jeu; se prendre au jeu — to get into it

3) TENNIS game

Il mène par deux sets à un et trois jeux à deux. — He's leading by two sets to one and three games to two.

4) (= façon de jouer) [équipe] game

Ils pratiquent un jeu offensif. — They play an attacking game.

5) [pianiste] touch

le jeu velouté de ce pianiste — this pianist's velvet touch

6) THÉÂTRE acting

7) TECHNIQUE (d'une pièce, entre des éléments) play

8) (= fonctionnement)

le libre jeu de qch — the free play of sth

le libre jeu des forces du marché — the free play of market forces

entrer en jeu — to come into play

mettre en jeu — to bring into play

9) (série d'objets) set

deux jeux de clés — two sets of keys

jeu de construction — building set

jeu d'échecs — chess set

10) CARTES hand

cacher son jeu fig — to keep one's cards hidden, to conceal one's hand

11) (d'argent)

le jeu — gambling

jouer gros jeu — to play for high stakes

12) (autres locutions)

être en jeu [vies] — to be at stake

Des vies humaines sont en jeu. — Human lives are at stake., [facteurs, forces] at work

remise en jeu FOOTBALL — throw-in

d'entrée de jeu — from the outset

* * *

jeu, pl jeux ⇒ Les jeux et les sports nm

1 Jeux, Sport ( activité) le jeu gén play ¢; ( avec de l'argent) gambling ¢; ( type) un jeu a game; le jeu est nécessaire au développement de l'enfant play is necessary to a child's development; apprendre par le jeu to learn through play; perdre une fortune au jeu to lose a fortune in gambling; on va faire un jeu let's play a game; les règles du jeu the rules of the game; ce n'était qu'un jeu it was only a game; jouer (un) double jeu fig to play a double game; à quel jeu joue-t-il? fig what's his game?; il y a une part de jeu dans leur attitude they're never completely serious about things; il fait ça par jeu he does it for fun; je lui ai dit ça par jeu mais elle m'a cru I told her that for fun but she believed me; ils se livrent déjà au petit jeu de deviner qui le remplacera they're already having fun trying to guess who will replace him; ce fut un jeu (d'enfant) pour lui de résoudre cette énigme it was child's play for him to solve this enigma; ton avenir est en jeu your future is at stake; entrer en jeu fig to come into the picture; d'entrée de jeu right from the start; se prendre or se piquer au jeu to get hooked; il s'est pris au jeu de la politique he got hooked on politics; se laisser prendre au (petit) jeu de qn to fall for sb's (little) game; être pris or se prendre à son propre jeu to be caught at one's own game; battre qn à son propre jeu to beat sb at his/her own game; mettre en jeu to put [sth] into play [ballon, balle]; to bring [sth] into play [éléments, facteurs, do!nnées]; to stake [somme, objet, titre, honneur]; remettre la balle en jeu to put the ball back into play; remise en jeu (au football, après une touche) throw; (au hockey, après un but) face-off; mettre tout en jeu pour faire to go all out to do; être hors jeu ( au football) to be offside; ils ont beau jeu de me critiquer it's easy for them to criticize me;

2 Jeux, Sport ( manche) game; il a gagné (par) trois jeux à deux he won by three games to two;

3 Jeux ( main aux cartes) hand; avoir un bon or beau jeu to have a good hand; avoir du jeu to have a good hand; montrer/cacher son jeu lit to show/conceal one's hand; fig to show/not to show one's hand;

4 Comm, Jeux ( matériel) (d'échecs, de dame!s) set; ( de cartes) deck; ( de société) game;

5 ( manière de jouer) ( d'acteur) acting ¢; ( de musicien) playing ¢; (de footballeur, joueur de tennis) game; jeu sobre/brillant ( d'acteur) restrained/brilliant acting; jeu défensif or fermé defensive game; jeu d'attaque or ouvert attacking game;

6 ( série) set; jeu de clés/tournevis set of keys/screwdrivers; jeu d'épreuves Imprim set of proofs;

7 (interaction, effet) (de reflets, vagues, d'ombres) play; (de rapprochements, forces, d'alliances) interplay; le libre jeu des associations/de l'imagination the free play of associations/of the imagination; effet spécial obtenu par un jeu de miroirs special effect obtained by mirrors;

8 ( possibilité de mouvement) Mécan play; Anat free movement; le jeu des pistons the play of the pistons; le jeu des articulations/muscles the free movement of joints/muscles; il n'y a pas assez de jeu there's not enough play; il y a du or trop de jeu there's too much play; donner du jeu à to loosen; ⇒ chandelle, épingle, heureux, quille, vieux, vilain.

Composés

jeu d'adresse Jeux game of skill; jeu d'argent Jeux, Turf game played for money; jouer à des jeu d'argent to gamble; jeu de caractères Ordinat character set; jeu codé Ordinat coded set; jeu de construction Jeux ( activité) construction game; ( pièces) construction set; jeu d'écritures Compta juggling ¢ the books; grâce à un jeu d'écritures by juggling the books; jeu éducatif Jeux educational game; jeu d'équipe Sport team game; jeu d'éveil Jeux early-learning game; jeu d'extérieur Jeux outdoor game; jeu de hasard Jeux game of chance; la vie est un jeu de hasard fig life is a lottery; jeu d'initialisation Ordinat initialization deck; jeu d'intérieur Jeux indoor game; jeu de jambes Sport footwork; jeu de massacre Jeux ≈ coconut shy GB; fig massacre; jeu de mots Ling pun; jeu de l'oie Jeux ≈ snakes and ladders GB; jeu d'orgue Mus organ stop; jeu de paume Sport ( activité) real tennis; ( terrain) real tennis court; jeu de piste Jeux treasure hunt; jeu radiophonique Radio radio game show; jeu de rôles Scol role playing ¢; jeu de scène Théât stage business; jeu de société Jeux (échecs, monopoly® etc) board game; ( charades etc) party game; jeu télévisé TV (TV) game show; jeu vidéo Vidéo video game; jeu à XIII Sport rugby league; jeux de grattage Jeux scratchcards; Jeux Olympiques, JO Sport Olympic Games, Olympics; Jeux Olympiques d'été/d'hiver Summer/Winter Olympics.

Idiomes

jouer le jeu to play the game; jouer le grand jeu to pull all the stops out○; c'est pas de or du jeu○! that's not fair!; faire le jeu de qn to play into sb!'s hands; ‘faites vos jeux’ ( au casino) ‘faites vos jeux’; ‘les jeux sont faits’ ( au casino) ‘les jeux sont faits’; fig ‘the die is cast’.

( pluriel jeux) [ʒø] nom masculin

1. LOISIRS game

ce n'est qu'un jeu! it's only a game!, it's only for fun!

c'est le jeu! it's fair (play)!

ce n'est pas de ou du jeu! that's not fair!

le jeu [activité] play

par jeu for fun, in play

jeu d'adresse/de hasard game of skill/of chance

jeu électronique/vidéo electronic/video game

jeu radiophonique/télévisé radio/TV quiz (game)

jeu éducatif educational game

jeu d'entreprise management simulation (game)

le Jeu des mille francs former famous radio quiz

jeu de l'oie ≃ snakes and ladders

jeu de plein air outdoor game

jeu de rôle role play

jeu de société board game

jeu de stratégie game of strategy

c'est un jeu d'enfant! this is child's play!

se faire un jeu de to make light work of

2. [cartes] hand

avoir du jeu ou un bon jeu to have a good hand

étaler son jeu to lay down one's hand ou cards

elle nous a joué le grand jeu she pulled out all the stops for us

avoir beau jeu (de faire quelque chose) to have no trouble (doing something), to find it easy (to do something)

il a bien caché son jeu he played his cards very close to his chest! (figuré)

3. [ensemble de pièces] set

jeu de (32)/52 cartes pack (UK) ou deck (US) of (32)/52 cards

un jeu de dames/d'échecs/de quilles a draughts/chess/skittles set

un jeu de clés/tournevis a set of keys/screwdrivers

jeu de caractères INFORMATIQUE character set

jeu d'essai INFORMATIQUE sample data ou deck

jeu d'orgue MUSIQUE organ stop

4. [manigances] game

qu'est-ce que c'est que ce petit jeu? [ton irrité] what are you playing at?, what's your (little) game?

entrer dans le jeu de quelqu'un to play somebody at their own game

faire le jeu de quelqu'un to play into somebody's hands

être pris à son propre jeu to be caught at one's own game

se (laisser) prendre au jeu to get caught up ou involved in what's going on

voir clair ou lire dans le jeu de quelqu'un to see through somebody's little game, to see what somebody is up to

‘le Jeu de l'amour et du hasard’ Marivaux ‘The Game of Love and Chance’

5. SPORT [activité] game

le jeu à XIII Rugby League

[action] play

il y a eu du beau jeu there was some very good play

[partie] game

faire jeu égal to be evenly matched

il a fait jeu égal avec le champion the champion met his match in him

[au tennis] game

jeu Mériel! game to Mériel!

deux jeux partout two games all

jeu blanc love game

‘jeu de ballon interdits’ ‘no ball games’

6. [terrain]

la balle est sortie du jeu the ball has gone out (of play)

jeu de boules

a. [sur gazon] bowling green

b. [de pétanque] ground (for playing boules)

jeu de quilles skittle alley

7. [style d'un sportif] game, way of playing

il a un jeu défensif/offensif he plays a defensive/an attacking game

avoir un bon jeu de jambes to move well

il a un bon jeu de volée he's a good volleyer, he volleys well

[interprêtation - d'un acteur] acting ; [ - d'un musicien] playing

8. [activité du parieur]

le jeu gambling

elle a tout perdu au jeu she gambled her entire fortune away, she lost her whole fortune (at) gambling

9. [effet] play

jeu d'eau fountain

jeu de mots play on words, pun

des jeux de lumière

a. [naturels] play of light

b. [artificiels] lighting effects

10. [espace]

la vis a ou prend du jeu the screw is loose

il y a du jeu there's a bit of play ou of a gap

donner du jeu à quelque chose to loosen something up

11. [action] play

c'est un jeu de ton imagination/ta mémoire it's a trick of your imagination/your memory

laisser faire le jeu de la concurrence to allow the free play of competition

il n'a obtenu le siège que par le jeu des alliances électorales he won the seat only through the interplay ou working of electoral alliances

————————

jeux nom masculin pluriel

1. [mise]

faites vos jeux(, rien ne va plus) faites vos jeux (rien ne va plus)

les jeux sont faits

a. (sens propre) les jeux sont faits

b. (figuré) the die is cast, there's no going back now

2. SPORT

les jeux (Olympiques) the (Olympic) Games

les jeux (Olympiques) d'hiver the Winter Olympics

les jeux Olympiques pour handicapés the Paralympic Games

————————

en jeu locution adjectivale

1. [en question] at stake

l'avenir de l'entreprise n'est pas en jeu the company's future is not at stake ou at risk ou in jeopardy

2. [en action] at play

les forces en jeu sur le marché the competing forces ou the forces at play ou the forces at work on the market

3. [parié] at stake

la somme en jeu the money at stake ou which has been staked

————————

en jeu locution adverbiale

1. SPORT

mettre le ballon en jeu FOOTBALL to throw in the ball

2. [en marche]

les disjoncteurs ont été mis en jeu par le programmateur the circuit breakers were activated by the programmer

3. [en pariant]

mettre une somme en jeu to place a bet

mettre quelque chose en jeu [risquer quelque chose] to put something at stake

entrer en jeu [intervenir] to come into play

jeu de massacre nom masculin

Aunt Sally

le débat s'est transformé en jeu de massacre (figuré) the debate turned into a demolition session

LE JEU DES MILLE EUROS

This radio programme formerly called jeu des mille francs was originally broadcast in the 1950s and has become a national institution. The quiz, whose top prize was originally one thousand francs, consists of a series of questions sent in by listeners.

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > jeu
17 plan

I.

plan¹ [plɑ̃]

1. masculine noun

   a. [de maison, machine, dissertation] plan ; [de ville, région] map

• faire un plan to draw a plan

   b. ( = surface) plane

   c. (Cinema, photography) shot

• premier plan foreground

• ce problème est au premier plan de nos préoccupations this problem is uppermost in our minds

• personnalité de premier plan key figure

• une personnalité de second plan a minor figure

   d. ( = niveau) level

• au plan national/international at the national/international level

• sur le plan intellectuel intellectually speaking

• sur tous les plans in every way

   e. ( = projet) plan

• plan de carrière career path

• plan de relance or de redressement de l'économie economic recovery plan

• laisser en plan (inf) [+ personne] to leave in the lurch ; [+ affaires, projet, travail] to abandon

   f. ( = idée) (inf) idea

• c'est un super plan ! it's a great idea!

2. compounds

► plan directeur master plan

► plan d'eau ( = lac) lake

► plan d'épargne-logement savings plan for property purchase

► plan de financement financing plan

► plan d'occupation des sols zoning regulations

► plan ORSEC scheme set up to deal with major civil emergencies

► plan social redundancy plan

► plan de travail (dans une cuisine) worktop

► plan de vol flight path

II.

plan², e [plɑ̃, plan]

adjective

   a. ( = plat) flat

   b. (Mathematics) plane

* * *

1.

plane plɑ̃, plan adjectif

1) gén flat, even

2) Mathématique, Physique plane

2.

nom masculin

1) ( carte) (de ville, métro) map; ( dans un bâtiment) plan, map

2) Architecture, Construction, Bâtiment plan

3) ( de machine) ( schéma directeur) blueprint; ( après construction) plan

4) Mathématique, Physique plane

5) ( de dissertation) plan

6) Cinéma, Photographie ( image) shot

montage plan par plan — shot-to-shot editing

premier plan — foreground

second plan — middle-distance; gros

7) ( niveau) level

au premier plan de l'actualité — at the forefront of the news

être relégué au second plan — [personne, problème] to be relegated to the background

de (tout) premier plan — [personnalité] leading (épith); [œuvre] key, major

de second plan — second-rate

sur le plan politique — from a political point of view

8) ( projet) plan, programme [BrE]

plan de relance économique — plan to boost the economy

j'ai un bon plan (colloq) pour voyager pas cher — I know a good way of travelling [BrE] cheaply

c'est (pas) le bon plan — (colloq) it's (not) a good idea

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- plan américain

- plan directeur

- plan d'eau

- plan d'ensemble

- plan d'épargne

- plan d'épargne-logement

- plan d'épargne retraite

- plan fixe

- plan moyen

- plan d'occupation des sols

- plan rapproché

- plan social

- plan de travail

- plan d'urbanisme

- plan de vol

••

laisser quelqu'un en plan — (colloq) to leave somebody in the lurch, to leave somebody high and dry

laisser quelque chose en plan — (colloq) to leave something unfinished

il a tout laissé en plan — he dropped everything

* * *
plɑ̃, plan plan, -e
1. adj

(surface) flat

surface plane — flat surface

géométrie plane — plane geometry

2. nm

1) (= carte) map

un plan de la ville — a street map

2) (d'architecte) plan

maison vendue sur plans — house sold on the architect's plans

3) (= schéma directeur) plan

plan à 5 ans — 5-year plan

plan de modernisation — modernization plan

plan stratégique — strategic plan

4) (= projet personnel) plan

avoir comme plan de faire — to be planning to do

5) * (= idée) idea

6) (= point de vue)

sur le plan de qch — as far as sth is concerned

Sur le plan de l'équipement, cela laisse encore beaucoup à désirer. — As far as equipment is concerned, it still leaves a lot to be desired.

sur le plan sexuel — sexually, as far as sex is concerned

7) MATHÉMATIQUE plane

8) CINÉMA shot

9)

au premier plan — in the foreground

au second plan — in the middle distance

à l'arrière plan — in the background

mettre qch au premier plan — to bring sth to the forefront

de premier plan (personnalités) — top-ranking

de second plan — second-rate

laisser en plan — to abandon

rester en plan — to be abandoned

* * *

plan, plane

A adj

1 gén [surface] flat, even;

2 Math, Phys plane.

B nm

1 ( carte) (de région, ville, métro) map; (dans bâtiment, domaine, paquebot) plan, map; je te fais un plan pour que tu ne te perdes pas I'll draw you a map so you won't get lost;

2 Archit, Constr plan; tirer des plans to draw up plans; c'est lui qui a fait les plans de sa maison he drew up the plans for his house himself; acheter/vendre une maison sur plan to buy/sell a house on architect's plans;

3 Ind, Tech (de machine, d'appareil) ( schéma directeur) blueprint; ( après construction) plan; les plans du nouvel avion de chasse the blueprint for the new fighter plane;

4 Math, Phys plane;

5 ( canevas) outline, framework, plan; fais un plan au lieu de rédiger directement draw up a plan before you start writing; plan détaillé detailed plan;

6 Cin, Phot ( image) shot; montage plan par plan shot-to-shot editing; premier plan foreground; second plan middle-distance; au premier plan in the foreground; au second plan in the middle distance; ⇒ gros;

7 ( niveau) level; mettre deux personnes sur le même plan fig to put two people at the same level; cette question vient au premier plan de sa campagne électorale this issue is at the forefront of his electoral campaign; ce dossier est au premier plan de l'actualité this issue is front- page news ou is at the forefront of the news; être relégué au second plan [personne, problème] to be relegated to the background, to take a back seat; de (tout) premier plan [personnalité] leading ( épith); [œuvre] key, major; de second plan second-rate; sur le plan politique/économique/personnel from a political/an economic/a personal point of view, in political/economic/personal terms; sur le plan de l'efficacité from the point of view of efficiency, in terms of efficiency; au plan régional/national at regional/national level;

8 ( projet) plan, programme^GB; un plan pour l'emploi a plan for employment, an employment programme^GB; un plan anti-inflation an anti-inflation plan ou programme^GB; le gouvernement a présenté son plan de relance économique the government has presented its plan to boost the economy; j'ai un plan, voilà ce qu'on va faire I have a plan, here's what we'll do; j'ai un bon plan○ pour voyager pas cher/entrer gratuitement I know a good way of travelling^GB cheaply/getting in free; on se fait un plan restaurant○? shall we go out for a meal?; ⇒ comète.

Composés

plan d'action plan of action; plan américain Cin thigh shot; plan d'amortissement repayment schedule ou plan; plan de campagne plan of campaign; plan de carrière career plan; plan comptable code of legal requirements in accounting practice; plan directeur Mil battle map; Écon master plan; plan d'eau man-made lake; plan d'ensemble Cin long shot; plan d'épargne savings plan; plan épargne entreprise, PEE company savings plan; plan d'épargne logement, PEL savings scheme entitling depositor to cheap mortgage; plan d'épargne retraite top-up pension scheme; plan de faille fault plane; plan fixe Cin static shot; plan incliné inclined plane; en plan incliné sloping; plan de masse overall building plan; plan de métro map of the underground GB ou subway US; plan moyen Cin medium close-up; plan d'occupation des sols, POS land use plan; plan quinquennal five-year plan; plan rapproché Cin waist shot; plan social Écon, Entr planned redundancy scheme GB, scheduled lay-off program US; plan de travail ( pour projet) working schedule; ( surface) worktop; plan d'urbanisme urban planning policy; plan de vol flight plan.

Idiomes

laisser qn en plan○ to leave sb in the lurch, to leave sb high and dry; laisser qch en plan○ to leave sth unfinished; il a tout laissé en plan pour la rejoindre à Rome he dropped everything to go and join her in Rome; rester en plan○ [personne] to be left stranded ou high and dry; [projets] to be left unfinished.

I

( féminin plane) [plɑ̃, plan] adjectif

1. [miroir] plane

[surface] flat

2. MATHÉMATIQUES plane, planar

surface plane plane

II

[plɑ̃] nom masculin

A.

1. [surface plane] plane

2. CONSTRUCTION [surface] surface

plan de travail [d'une cuisine] worktop, working surface

3. ART & PHOTOGRAPHIE plane

4. CINÉMA shot

gros plan, plan serré close-up

plan américain close-medium shot

plan général/moyen/rapproché long/medium/close shot

5. GÉOMÉTRIE plane

plan horizontal/incliné/médian/tangent level/inclined/median/tangent plane

en plan incliné sloping

B.

1. [projet] plan, project

ne vous inquiétez pas, j'ai un plan (familier) don't worry, I've got a plan

j'ai un bon plan pour les vacances I've got a great idea for the holidays

un plan foireux (familier) a dead duck (figuré)

un plan d'action a plan of action

un plan de bataille a battle plan

un plan de carrière a career strategy

2. [structure] plan, framework, outline

je veux un plan détaillé de votre thèse I want a detailed outline ou a synopsis of your thesis

3. ADMINISTRATION plan, project

plan d'aménagement rural rural development plan ou scheme

plan de sauvegarde zoning plan

plan d'urbanisme town planning scheme

4. ÉCONOMIE plan

plan comptable FINANCE ≃ Statement of Standard Accounting Practices

plan d'épargne BANQUE savings plan

plan d'épargne logement savings scheme offering low-interest mortgages

plan d'épargne retraite former personal pension plan

plan financier financial plan

plan de licenciement, plan social planned redundancy scheme

plan d'occupation des sols document laying out local land development plans

plan quinquennal five-year plan

plan de restructuration restructuring plan

C.

1. [carte] map, plan

plan de métro underground (UK) ou subway (US) map

plan de vol flight plan

2. ARCHITECTURE [dessin] plan, blueprint (US)

lever un plan to make a survey

plan d'ensemble outline

plan de masse overall plan

tirer des plans sur la comète to build castles in the air

3. TECHNOLOGIE plan, blueprint

plan d'une machine/voiture blueprint of a machine/car

————————

de second plan locution adjectivale

[question] of secondary importance

[artiste, personnalité] second-rate

————————

en plan locution adverbiale

(familier) in the lurch

laisser quelqu'un en plan to leave somebody in the lurch

laisser quelque chose en plan to drop something

il m'a laissée en plan he left me in the lurch

rester en plan [seul]: je suis resté en plan I was left stranded ou high and dry

tous mes projets sont restés en plan none of my plans came to anything

————————

sur le plan de locution prépositionnelle

as regards, as far as... is concerned

sur le plan intellectuel intellectually speaking

sur le plan personnel at a personal level

c'est le meilleur sur tous les plans he's the best whichever way you look at it

————————

plan d'eau nom masculin

[naturel] stretch of water

[artificiel] reservoir

[ornemental] (ornamental) lake

————————

premier plan nom masculin

1. CINÉMA foreground

au premier plan in the foreground

2. (figuré)

au premier plan de l'actualité in the forefront of today's news

de (tout) premier plan [personnage] leading, prominent

jouer un rôle de tout premier plan dans to play a leading ou major part in

PLAN VIGIPIRATE

Plan VIGIPIRATE is a series of measures to fight against terrorist attacks. There are two levels: simple and renforcé. Vigipirate includes monitoring public buildings, public transportation system. Other measures such as no parking near school buildings can also be applied.

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > plan
18 кампания кампани·я

(совокупность мероприятий) campaign; drive амер.

активизировать кампанию против чего-л. — to step up a campaign against smth.

завести кампанию в тупик — to deadlock a drive

заглушить кампанию — to silence a campaign

начать / развернуть кампанию — to launch / to inaugurate / to initiate a campaign / a drive, to embark on a campaign

организовать кампанию — to organize / to stage a drive, to mount a campaign

ослабить кампанию против чего-л. — to blunt / to abate a drive against smth.

присоединиться к кампании — to join a campaign / a drive

проводить кампанию — to conduct / to wage a campaign / a drive, to carry on a campaign

развернуть кампанию — to start / to launch a campaign; to engineer a campaign

раздувать кампанию — to inflate / to stir up / to hot up a campaign

расширять кампанию — to broaden / to step up a campaign

составить план кампании — to map out a campaign / a drive, to plan a campaign

усиливать кампанию — to intensify a campaign

участвовать в кампании — to take part / to participate in a campaign

враждебная кампания — hostile campaign

всемирная кампания, кампания во всемирном масштабе — worldwide campaign

всенародная / общенациональная кампания — nation-wide campaign, campaign of nation-wide dimensions

злобная кампания — envenomed / virulent campaign

избирательная / предвыборная кампания — election / electoral campaign, electioneering

ездить по стране в период избирательной кампании — to stump разг.

отказаться принимать дальнейшее участие в предвыборной кампании — to pull out of the гасе

проводить избирательную кампанию — to conduct an election campaign

избирательная кампания по выборам в законодательные органы страны — national legislative election campaign

заблаговременная подготовка на местах к избирательной кампании — mending fences

маршрут поездки и выступлений кандидатов, участвующих в предвыборной кампании — campaign trail

обход квартир / домов во время избирательной кампании — house-to-house canvassing

стратегия предвыборной кампании — campaign strategy

тактика проведения предвыборной кампании — campaign tactics

предвыборная президентская кампания, кампания по выборам президента (США) — presidential (election) campaign

клеветническая кампания — slander / smear / whispering campaign, campaign of abuse / slander

политическая кампания — political campaign

пропагандистская — propaganda campaign

разнузданная кампания — unbridled / ungovernable / wild campaign

сдержанная кампания — low-key campaign

суматошная кампания — hectic campaign

кампания в защиту прав человека — "human rights campaign"

кампания за замораживание ядерных вооружений — campaign for freezing nuclear armaments / weapons

кампания за мир — peace campaign / drive

кампания за повышение заработной платы — wage-increase campaign, campaign for a wage increase

проводить кампанию за повышение заработной платы — to campaign for a wage increase

кампания за экономию — austerity campaign / drive, campaign for increased economy

кампания по борьбе с заболеваниями — campaign to combat / to eradicate diseases

кампания по борьбе с преступностью — anticrime campaign

кампания по борьбе с терроризмом — antiterrorist drive

кампания по выборам в Конгресс (США) — Congressional (election) campaign

кампания по выдвижению кандидатов — nominating / nomination campaign

кампания по привлечению новых членов (в партию и т.п.) — membership drive

кампания по продвижению товара на рынок — promotion campaign

кампания по сбору голосов избирателей — canvassing campaign

кампания по сбору подписей — drive for signatures

кампания по сбору средств — drive to raise funds, fund-raising campaign / drive

кампания протеста — protest campaign

кампания с использованием угроз — campaign of threats

кампания с целью убедить сторонников кандидата принять участие в голосовании — knocking-up

кампания шантажа — blackmail campaign

руководитель кампании — campaign manager

Russian-english dctionary of diplomacy > кампания кампани·я
19 campaign

1. n воен. кампания, поход; операция

campaign conditions — походная обстановка

ad campaign — рекламная кампания

launch a campaign — вести кампанию

press campaign — кампания в прессе

air campaign — авиационная кампания

ground campaign — наземные операции

2. n кампания, борьба

electoral campaign — выборная кампания, предвыборная борьба

propaganda campaign — пропагандистская кампания

campaign biography — биография кандидата на выборах,

campaign button — нагрудный значок с портретом кандидата или эмблемой партии

promotion campaign — кампания по продвижению товара на рынок

launching a campaign — начинающий кампанию; начало кампании

TV advertizing campaign — рекламная кампания на телевидении

promotioning campaign — рекламно-пропагандистская кампания

blast-furnace production campaign — кампания доменной печи

3. n тех. кампания, технологический цикл

press advertizing campaign — рекламная кампания в прессе

campaign textbook — сборник материалов выборной кампании

noise abatement campaign — кампания за уменьшение шума

presidential campaign — кампания по выборам президента

print campaign — кампания средствами печатной рекламы

4. n спец. срок службы жаропрочной облицовки

roll campaign — срок службы валка

5. v воен. участвовать в походе, в кампании

nationwide campaign — кампания в масштабе всей страны

holdout campaign — затяжная оборонительная кампания

magazine campaign — рекламная кампания в журналах

fund-raising campaign — кампания по сбору средств

phasing a campaign — определение этапов кампании

6. v проводить кампанию

campaign manager — организатор выборной кампании

to lay out a campaign — составить план кампании

conducting of a campaign — проведение кампании

antismoking campaign — кампания против курения

whispering campaign — клеветническая кампания

Синонимический ряд:

1. battle (noun) attack; battle; fight; operations; theatre of operations; war; warfare

2. drive (noun) crusade; drive; push

3. maneuvers (noun) maneuvers; operation; strategy; tactics

4. actively seek election (verb) actively seek election; barnstorm; canvass; contest; crusade; electioneer; lobby; run for office; seek election; solicit votes

5. wage war (verb) battle; fight; invade; wage war; war

English-Russian base dictionary > campaign

См. также в других словарях:

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Système électoral — Politique Idées politiques Science politique Philosophie politique Sociologie politique Campagne politique Mode de désignation du chef d État et du Parlement par pays l Union européenne l ONU Démocratie Démocratie directe Démocr … Wikipédia en Français
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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

Перевод: со всех языков на все языки

electoral strategy

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